Friendship intimacy was mentioned having fun with adolescents’ profile out of closeness using their nearest exact same-sex buddy (Blyth & Clark, 1987)

Analysis was obtained thru within the-household interviews from the T1 (seven th levels) and T3 (twelve th level) and over the telephone from the T2 (9 th level) using the same steps. Interview survived on average couple of hours at T1 and you will T3, and another hr in the T2. Interviews was indeed held truly using laptops and you may bilingual interviewers discover the questions toward people and you will inserted its solutions into the machine. Getting participation during the T1 and you may T3, families gotten $100 and $125, respectively; teens received $40 to possess involvement at the T2.

Measures

The measures were send interpreted on Spanish and you can back translated into the English because of the independent some one to own regional Mexican dialect (Foster & Martinez, 1995). A third native Language speaker assessed all translations and you may discrepancies had been solved by research team.

Family relations Records Pointers (T1)

Moms and dads stated on the studies levels and you may house money. A log conversion process was used to family income to correct getting skewness, after which a substance score is made to possess SES by the standardizing and averaging mothers’ and you may fathers’ academic profile and you may home earnings (? = .76).

Familism Values

Teens accomplished the fresh new 6-items subscale of your North american country Western Cultural Thinking Size (Knight mais aussi al., 2010) examining supportive familism values. Adolescents rated activities (e.grams., “It is usually crucial that you feel united because children”) having fun with a beneficial 5-area measure, ranging from (1) strongly disagree to (5) highly concur. Affairs had been averaged to produce brand new familism score which have high ratings appearing highest degrees of familism. Cronbach’s leader is actually .76.

Parent-Adolescent Desire (T1, T2, T3)

Teens stated with the standard of warmth within their relationship having all of their moms and dads (at separate situations regarding interviews) with the 8-item Children’s Declaration off Parental Conclusion Catalog (Schwarz et al., 1985). An illustration items is actually: “My personal mother/dad helps make me personally feel better just after speaking more than my personal worries that have her/him.” Each one of the items is actually rated toward a 5-area scale ranging from (1) rarely to (5) almost always. Circumstances was basically averaged to help make a scale rating, which have highest results showing a great deal more love regarding parents. The brand new reliability and you can authenticity with the measure could have been centered which have Mexican Western youthfulness into the English and you will Language (Knight, Tein, & Layer, 1992). To have adolescents’ passion having moms and dads, correspondingly, Cronbach’s alphas was basically .84 and you will .89 on Date step 1, .ninety and you will .91 in the Time 2, and .94 and you may .94 within Time 3.

Friendship Closeness (T1, T2, T3)

Teens done 8 items (age.g., “Simply how much can you visit your companion having information or help?”). Factors was ranked on a 5-area measure (step one = not at all, kissbrides.com nyttig nettsted 5 = considerably) and you may averaged to make a complete rating. Higher ratings shown highest relationship intimacy. The fresh psychometric functions from the level was in fact documented having North american country Western childhood (Updegraff, Madden-Derdich, Estrada, Haase, & Leonard, 2002). Cronbach’s alphas was basically .84, 89, and .84 having T1 – T3, respectively.

Parent-Adolescent Immigration Reputation

Mothers reported if they and their 7 th grader were born in the U.S. or Mexico, and fathers reported their own country of birth. Immigrant parents reported their length of U.S. residence at T1, and immigrant youth reported on their length of U.S. residence at T3. The length of U.S. residence was subtracted from each family member’s age to calculate each family member’s age at immigration to the U.S. Based on prior research (Rumbaut, 1997; Stevens, 1999), age 6 was considered the critical age of immigration for youth as they would have entered the school system at the same time as their U.S.-born peers, and age 12 was considered the critical age for parents as they would have experienced some schooling within the U.S. system. The parent-adolescent immigration status measure was created such that dyads in which both parents and youth were born in the U.S. or immigrated before their corresponding critical period were given a score of 1 = U.S.-raised; dyads in which each person was born in Mexico and immigrated to the U.S. after their critical period (i.e., age 6 for youth and age 12 for parents) were given a score of 2 = immigrant; and dyads where youth were born in the U.S. or immigrated before the critical period and parents were Mexico-born and immigrated after their critical period were given a score of 3 = mixed-status. See Table 1 for sample breakdown and background characteristics of each group. ANOVAs were conducted to test for parent-adolescent immigration status differences in parents’ education levels, household income, years living in the U.S., and youth’s familism values (see Table 1 ). In addition, significant chi-squared analyses revealed differences in T1 home interview language preference for mothers’ language, ? 2 = , p < .001,>